All 11 rules with risk-transfer, cost-split and insurance matrix at a glance.
Risk transfer
Risk passes when goods are placed at buyer's disposal at the seller's premises — not loaded.
Cost split
Buyer pays every cost from pickup onward. Seller only prepares and packages.
Notes: Minimum seller obligation. Export clearance falls on buyer — a practical risk for international trade. Most advisors recommend FCA instead.
Risk transfer
Risk passes when goods are delivered to the carrier nominated by the buyer — at named place, loaded if seller's premises.
Cost split
Seller covers export clearance + delivery to named place. Buyer handles main carriage + import.
Risk transfer
Risk passes at first carrier — not at destination. Seller pays freight but doesn't bear risk to destination.
Cost split
Seller pays carriage to named destination. Buyer bears risk in transit + import.
Risk transfer
Risk passes at first carrier. Seller buys insurance at high coverage (ICC Clause A — max) to destination.
Cost split
Seller pays carriage + insurance to destination. Buyer handles import clearance.
Risk transfer
Risk passes at named destination, with goods on arriving means of transport, ready for unloading.
Cost split
Seller covers everything to destination including freight and risk. Buyer unloads + clears import.
Risk transfer
Risk passes after goods are unloaded at named place. New in Incoterms 2020 (replaces DAT).
Cost split
Only Incoterm where seller unloads. Buyer handles import.
Risk transfer
Risk passes at destination, goods cleared for import, ready for unloading.
Cost split
Maximum seller obligation. Seller pays all duties and taxes.
Notes: Risky for seller — unfamiliarity with destination customs + tax regime can trigger compliance traps.
Risk transfer
Risk passes when goods are placed alongside the vessel at the named port — not loaded.
Cost split
Sea and inland waterway only. Seller: to alongside vessel. Buyer: loading onward.
Risk transfer
Risk passes when goods are loaded on board the vessel at named port of shipment.
Cost split
Sea/inland waterway only. Classic bulk / break-bulk term. NOT suitable for containerized cargo — use FCA instead.
Risk transfer
Risk passes when goods are loaded on board. Seller pays freight to destination port.
Cost split
Sea/inland waterway only. Insurance still on buyer. Containerized cargo → use CPT.
Risk transfer
Risk passes when goods are loaded on board. Seller pays freight + minimum-coverage insurance (ICC Clause C) to destination.
Cost split
Sea/inland waterway only. Low-coverage insurance by default — buyer usually needs top-up. Containerized cargo → use CIP.
Source. Incoterms® 2020 publication, International Chamber of Commerce (ICC). This tool publishes only a structured summary — for the binding contract text, refer to the official ICC publication (ISBN 978-92-842-0504-8).
Choosing a rule. For containerized cargo, prefer FCA / CPT / CIP over FAS / FOB / CFR / CIF — the latter three assume break-bulk vessel operations (loading at the ship's rail). For door-to-door delivery with seller taking maximum responsibility, use DAP / DPU / DDP. For minimum seller obligation, FCA beats EXW because export clearance falls on the correct party.
Insurance. CIP defaults to ICC Clause A (max coverage) under Incoterms 2020; CIF remains at ICC Clause C (minimum). Buyers under CIF typically top up with additional cover for full-risk protection.
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